UG Aid

:: Rule of Two for Tuberculosis:: 1.      2 out of 10 word cases of TB are in India 2.      Tuberculosis has 2 words T and B = TB 3.      TB can be pulmonary or extra pulmonary. 4.      Resistant TB can be MDR or XDR Tb. 5.      MDR TB is seen in 2% of new TB cases. 6.      2 patients of every 10 patients are extra pulmonary TB cases 7.      One can treat both sputum positive and sputum negative cases 8.      Sputum negative cases confirm by GeneXpert or LPA test 9.     Don’t ignore fever and cough. 10.   Don’t ignore fever of more than 2 weeks duration. 11.   Don’t ignore cough of more than 2 weeks duration. 12.   Get 2 sputum examination to rule out TB (stat and nearly morning). 13.   Collect 2 ML of sputum for examination. 14.   Sputum can be tested by Z N Stain or fluorescent microscopy. 15.   2 tests for TB to remember: Sputum AFB and Molecular tests. 16.   Molecular tests can be GeneXpert TB test or LPA (line probe assay) test. 17.   GeneXp

Rate (300/big squares or 1500/ Small Squares) - bradycardia/tachycardia? (n: 60-100/minute) Rhythm - regular/irregular? - sinus rhythm? (regular P preceding QRS) - nodal rhythm? (normal QRS, absent P) - ventricular rhythm? (P follows QRS, QRS length >0.12s/3 small Boxes) - atrial fibrillation? QRS irregularly irregular, No discernible P. - atrial flutter? Sawtooth appearance. Regular QRS Axis (I 0deg; II +60deg; aVF +90deg; III +120deg; aVR -150deg; aVL -30deg) - Mean frontal axis? At 90deg to isoelectric complex. - Left axis deviation? -30deg to -90deg. - Right axis deviation? +90deg to +180deg. P-wave (Positive in I,II,aVF, V4-V6) - Sinoatrial block? Complete/partial - Left atrial hypertrophy? Bifid P. " P mitrale " - Right atrial hypertrophy? Peaked P. " P pulmonale " P-R interval (start of P to start of QRS) - Delayed AV conduction? (>0.2s/5 squares) - Accessory conduction? (<0.12s/3 squares) QRS Complex - Ventricular condu

Preconception and prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act 2003 (PCPNDT) prohibits sex selection before or after conception and the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques to determine sex of fetus.It  is an  Act  of the  Parliament of India  enacted to stop female  foeticides  and arrest the declining sex ratio in India. Sex can be Determined By: 1. Amniocentesis 2. Chorionic villous biopsy 3. Ultrasonography scan and imaging techniques Objective:   The main purpose of enacting the act is to ban the use of sex selection techniques after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic technique for sex selective  abortion. Features of PCPNDT Act: Act prohibits sex selection before or after conception Regulates the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques Gynecologist or RMP have to conduct pre-natal diagnostic techniques at recognized place only. Nursing home or RMP or hospital where ultrasonography is used have to display the board stating “hospital doe

As these are difficult to understand and find examples of, i have compiled some info in easiest way i could.  I hope it helps you all :) Hawthorne effect:   the alteration of behaviour by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed. Pygmalion effect:   Investigator inadvertently conveys his high expectations to subjects, who then produce the expected result.  A " self-fulfilling prophecy ". Berkson bias: usually occurs when cases and controls are selected from hospital inpatients.More specifically, when both the exposure and outcome affect the selection and leads to a false negative association.It looks confusing but just look at this example: Consider an investigator studying a relation between diabetes and CHD.He goes to a hospital and gets a list of people admitted with CHD and he selects equal number of controls(inpatients not having CHD). Let us create a 2x2 table here CHD + CHD - Exposure (DM) + a b

Vaccine requirement is calculated as follows: Total number of pregnant women/infants to be covered × Expected coverage × Number of doses of the vaccine ×Wastage multiplication factor ÷ No. of sessions to be held (or number of doses per vial). No. of pregnant women = Population × Birth rate. No. of infants = Population × Birth Rate × (1-IMR) For Monthly Requirement, divide annual dose by 12. If sessions are held fortnightly, the annual required dose is divided by 24 and if weekly, divide by 52. Expected vaccine coverage=100%=1 Vaccine Dose up to 1 year Doses/Vial Wastage factor TT for pregnant women 2 doses per women 10 doses/vial 1.33 BCG 1 dose per child (at birth) 10 doses/vial 2 OPV 4 dose per child (0,1,2,3) 20 doses/vial 1.33 Pentavalent 3 dose per child (1,2,3) 10 doses/vial 1.33 DPT 3 dose per child (1,2,3) 10 dose