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Early Post-operative Complications- FETISH F- Flat Anterior Chamber E- Bacterial Endophthalmitis T- Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome I-   Iris prolapse S-  Striate keratopathy H- Hyphaema Late Post-operative Complications- ABCDEFG A- After cataract B- Pseudophakic Bullous keratopathy C- Cystoid Macular Edema D- Retinal Detachment E- Epithelial ingrowth/ Endophthalmitis F- Fibrous downgrowth G- Glaucoma-in-aphakia and pseudophakia

Answer: Leucoma Nebula in pupillary region is more harmful for the patient than a small leucoma. As nebula causes irregular astigmatism, it can only be treated with contact lens. A small leucoma cuts only a few rays going inside the eye so clarity of vision is better.

Microlaryngoscopy is a procedure in which the larynx is visualized through a microscope. It thus allows a magnified view of the larynx which is not possible on direct or indirect laryngoscopy. History: Kleinsasser in 1960 introduced and popularised the new microlaryngoscope used in conjunction with the microscope. Indications: Diagnostic: To have a microscopic visualization of the larynx in cases of hoarseness of voice which cannot be diagnosed by indirect or direct laryngoscopy . Biopsy of laryngeal lesions. Also, the extent of the growth can be seen by this procedure. For assessment of laryngeal trauma. Therapeutic: Removal of foreign bodies Injection of teflon paste in the vocal cords in cases of vocal cord palsy Laser cordectomy in carcinoma of vocal cord Dilatation of subglottic stenosis Insertion of laryngeal stent Arytenoidectomy in cases of abductor cord palsy Excision of vocal nodules, cysts and haemangiomas Technique: Patient is under general

Mnemonic:   ATROPI in Y oung G irl A - Antibiotic Spray T - Teflon Paste R - Remove Crust O - Oestradiol Therapy P - Placental Extract    - Potassium Iodide I - Irrigation In - Insert Fat, Cartilage Y - Young’s Operation G - Glucose In Glycerine    - Girls-(Female More Affected)

tran SV er S e fracture - Seventh palsy, Vertigo and Sensorineural hearing loss. l O ngitudinal fracture - here O indicates OTORRHEA more common here...

Mnemonic : HARDS H - Hypertrophy with Hoarseness A - Abscess (Peritonsillar - Quinsy) R - Recurrent Sore Throat M - Malignancy Is Suspected S - Seizures (Febrile Seizures Due to Tonsillitis)

Mnemonic : SCAN your nose S - shaped deformity C - shaped deformity A - Anterior dislocation N - Nasal spur * Deviation may involve only the cartilage, bone or both. *S -shaped deformity may cause bilateral nasal obstruction.

Mnemonic:  COW TO MEN C - Young Children O - Only hearing ear W - Works in high construction,diving,air travels T - Tympanic membrane perforation O - Otitis externa M - Meniers disease E - Exostosis N - works in Noisy surroundings

Mnemonic : H e ARD better after stapes surgery H - hearing threshold 30 db or worse A - air - bone gap 15 db R - rinne negative for 256,512 Hz D - discrimination speech score 60%

Mnemonic: Coffee Board C-Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis O-Oroantral Fistula F-Fungal Sinusitis F-Foreign Body of Maxilla E-Ethmoidectomy E-Elevation of Floor of Orbit in Orbital Fracture B-Biopsy O-Opening of Maxillary Sinus for Maxillary Artery Ligation A-Antr choanal Polyp R-Reduction of Fracture Maxilla D-Dental Cyst

Mnemonic : "MERA FRCP" M=Mucocele of Frontoethmoidal/Sphenoid Sinus E=Epistaxis R=Recurrent Acute Bac. Sinusitis A= A C Polyp F= Fungal Sinusitis R= Removal of Foreign Body C= Chronic Bac. Sinusitis P=Polypoid Rhinosinusitis

UNCROSSED diplopia: In convergent squint, the eyeball is rotated inward. Instead of falling on the fovea, the light from the object falls on the nasal side of the retina. Nasal side of the retina is is supposed to receive light from the temporal side of the visual field. So the image formed on the nasal side of the retina will be perceived by the brain as being on the temporal side of the visual field. So in convergent squint, instead of seeing a single image, 2 images will be seen in the temporal fields of each eye. The left eye sees the image on the left and the right eye sees the image on the right – This is UNCROSSED diplopia. CROSSED diplopia: In divergent squint, The eyeball being rotated outward, the image falls on the temporal side of the retina. Images formed on the temporal side of the retina is perceived as being from the nasal field by the brain. So the image seen by the left eye will be perceived as being on the right side and that seen by the right eye will be perc

Confused between confounding and effect modification?? Here is the solution: 1- Confounding bias : Alcohol ( exposure ) Oral cancer ( outcome ) Smoking is a confounding bias here. Why ? Because smoking is related to BOTH the exposure and the outcome. People who smoke will more often than not, also drink, and people who have oral cancer, were probably smokers ( smoking is a known risk factor for oral cancer). 2- Effect modification : OCPs ( exposure ) Breast cancer (outcome ) Family history of breast cancer is an effect modification here. Can you guess why ? Asbestos ( exposure ) Lung cancer(outcome) Smoking is an effect modification Estrogens ( exposure ) DVT (outcome ) Smoking is an effect modification So do you notice the difference ?? The effect modification is ONLY related to the outcome, but NOT to the exposure. Think with me here : smoking does not effect neither asbestos exposure nor estrogen levels or intake,BUT definitely is a risk for lung cancer and DVT !! Family histo

           Autopsy writing is compulsory question in university exam. It is relatively easy if you have read pathology properly but it is time consuming. we have to recollect all characteristic points of different condition and write in specific format. Here are the characteristic points for frequently asked conditions so revising it become easy and time saving. I hope this helps!!! Basic Common Theme:   Name, age, sex, admitted on, died on   Brief clinical history   Summary of lab investigation   Clinical diagnosis   Autopsy findings   External appearance   Weight of organs Normal weight           •    Lungs 450gm(left) 550gm (right)           •    Spleen 150-200gm           •    Liver 1200gm           •    Brain 1200gm           •    Kidney 200gm           •    Heart 150gm Appearance of organ in-situ    Thoracic cavity   Abdominal cavity     Cranial cavity   Description of various systemic findings Alimentary   Respiratory   Cardiovascular   G

PRELOAD Maneuvers: - Maneuvers that INCREASE PRELOAD or Venous return :- Leg raise / Squatting Maneuvers that Decrease Preload or venous return :- Standing / Valsalva ALL MURMURS increase in intensity [= Worsen] with INCREASE in Venous return[=blood volume inside heart] EXCEPT HOCM and MV Prolapse . (They reduce in intensity[=Improve]). AFTERLOAD maneuvers :-   Hand grip= Increases After load. [This is like squatting of upper limb but since upper limb unlike leg has very small amount of blood- this doesn't affect venous return only effect- increase in AFTER LOAD.] AFTER LOAD maneuvers [unfortunately] DO NOT HAVE uniform rule [like PRELOAD manuevers]. Consider Murmur groups in FORWARD FLOW AND BACKWARD FLOW MURMURS.              Backward flow - Aortic Regurg/ Mitral regurg/ and VSD              Forward flow - MS /HOCM and MVP   WITH HANDGRIP- Increse resistance to forward flow Hence it is smooth for blood to flow backwards hence Backward flow M

Mnemonic : VODKA V - Penicillin V O - Oxacillin D - Dicloxacillin K - Cloxacillin A - Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

Mnemonic : RED LIP M ahatma G andhi R - Rheumatoid Arthritis E - Extraintestinal amoebiasis D - Discoid lupus erythematosis L - Lepra reaction I - Infectious mononucleosis P - Photogenic reactions M - Malaria G - Giardiasis

Macrolides are drug of choice for: Mnemonic: CLAW C - Chancroid by H. Ducreyi L - Legionella infections A - Atypical Pneumonia W - Whooping Cough by Bordetella pertusis other uses: Azithromycin - Diptheria and gram positive organisms, Prophylaxis of MAC infection, Chlamydial urogenital infections, H.influenza and Neisseria infections. Clarithromycin - Prophylaxis and treatment of MAC, peptic ulcer by H.pylori Spiramycin - DOC for treatment of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.

Tetracyclines are first choice drugs for: Mnemonic : LG BPL CAR  L - Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) G - Granuloma Inguinale B - Brucellosis P - Plague phrophylaxis L - Lyme's disease (doxy) C - Cholera A - Atypical pneumonia due to chlamydia R - Relapsing fever (doxy)       Rickettsial Infection (doxy) Other uses: Mnemonic: Leprosy MAPS Leprosy(mino) M - meningococcal carrier (mino), malaria prophylaxis (doxy) A - Amoebiasis (doxy) P - Peptic ulcer by H.Pylori (tetra) S - SIADH (demeclo)

Mnemonic : BARE TB B - Bacterial meningitis A - Anaerobic infections R - Ricketsia infection E - Ear & Eye infection T - Typhoid B - Brucellosis

Mnemonic: PET (scan) CRI (ticle) Contraindicated: P- Pyrizinamide, Pefloxacin E - Erythromycin estolate T - Tetracycline Dose Reduction required: C - Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin R- Rifampicin I- Isoniazid

Mnemonic: PECk P- penicillin E- erythromycin C- cephalosporins

Mnemonic : L.K. ADVanI is P.T. teacher L- liver damage K- kedney damage A- antianabolic effect D- diabitis insipidus V- vestibular toxicity I- intracranial pressure raised P- phototoxicity T- teeth and bones

A. 1st generation: 2 Xs and 1 Z in Dine 2 “X” – cefalexin, cefadroxil 1 “Z” – cefazolin 2 “IN” – cefalathin, cefaparin DINE – Cephradine B.  2nd generation: FURy FOX FOR FON TEA and 2 Ms for a Macho fox ceFURoxime, ceFOXitine, ceFORanide, ceFONicid, cefoTEtan cefMandole, cefMetazole Remember one more drug: Cefaclor C.  3rd generation: “cef” +/- (a,e,i,o,u) + p/d/t cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefoperazone cefixime, cefpodoxime, cefdinir, ceftibuten, ceftamet D.  4th generation: With “pi”: Cefe pi me, Cefe pi rome E.  5th generation: With “ro”: ceftobip ro le, cefta ro line

Mnemonic: “DDT HAPeNS” D – diarrhea D – disulfiram like reaction T – thrombophlebitis H – hypoprothrombinemia A – allergy (hypersensitivity) P – pain (severe with i.m.) N – nephrotoxicity S – super infections with fungi

Spectrum of activity: 1st generation: Mainly Gram+ Gram – (PEcK):  Proteus, E.Coli, Klebsiella 2nd generation: Gram- > Gram+ HEN PEcKS:  Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter, Neissera, Proteus, E. Coli, Klebsiella, Serratia 3rd generation: Gram – >> Gram + Ceftriaxone: Meningitis, Gonorrhea Ceftazidime: Pseudomonas Used to treat meningitis and sepsis (can cross Blood Brain Barrier) 4th generation: Pseudomonas 5th generation: MRSA Cephalosporins don’t have activity against: “LAME” L isteria A typicals (including  Mycoplasma  and  Chlamydia ) M RSA (Except 5th generation) E nterococci

Q-5(A) ATTEMPT ANY TWO SHORT NOTES ON LOWER LIMB(2×3)=6   CHAPTER-2 1)Blood supply of head of femur   CHAPTER-3 1)Inguinal lymph nodes 2)Fascia lata 3)Femoral triangle 4)Femoral artery 5)Profunda femoris artery 7)Adductor canal   CHAPTER-4 1)Obturator nerve 2)Adductor magnus muscle   CHAPTER-5 1)Structures under cover of gluteus maximus 2)Gluteus medius 3)Action of glutei 4)Trochanteric anastomosis 5)Cruciate anatsomosis   CHAPTER-6 1)Popliteal fossa 2)Popliteal artery 3)Popliteus muscle 4)Common peroneal nerve 5)Deep peroneal nerve 6)Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh   CHAPTER-7 1)Sciatic nerve 2)Anastomosis on the back of thigh   CHAPTER-8 1)Soleus muscle 2)Sural nerve 3)T.S passing through middle of the leg 4)Retinacla around ankle joint 5)Tibialis anterior muscle 6)Deep peroneal nerve 7)Superficial peroneal nerve 8)Dorsalis pedia artery 9)Nerve supply of dorsum of foot 10)Guy ropes   CHAPTER—9 1)Adductor hallucis 2)Flexor digitorum accesorious 3)Lumbricals 4)Tibialis post

Q-2(A) ATTEMPT ANY TWO SHORT NOTES ON THORAX(2×3)=6   CHAPTER-1 1)Sternal angle and importance 2)Inlet of thorax 3)Outlet of thorax 4)Suprapleural membrane 5)Cervical rib   CHAPTER-2 Joints types Manubriosternal Secondary cartilaginous Costovertebral Plane synovial Costochondral Primary Cartilaginous Chondrosternal Primary Cartilaginous Intervertebral Secondary cartilaginous Interchondral Synovial Costotransverse Synovial   1)Intervertebral discs 2)Respiratory movements   CHAPTER-3 1)Intercostal space 2)Intercostal nerve 3)Intercostal artery 4)Azygos venous system 5)Splanchnic nerves   CHAPTER-4 CHAPTER-5 1)Fig 16.2/3 2)Root of the kung 3)Bronchopulmonary segments and tracheobronchial tree   CHAPTER-6 CHAPTER-7 1)Sinuses of pericardium 2)All chambers of heart 3)Conducting system 4)Blood supply of heart 5)Nerve supply of heart 6)Venous drainage of heart   CHAPTER-8 1)Arch of aorta 2)Ductus arteriosus   CHAPTER-9 1)Thoracic duct 2)Relations oesophagus 3)Tracheo oesophageal fistu

Q-4 ATTEMPT ANY TWO SHORT NOTES ON ABDOMEN,PELVIS AND PERINEUM(2×5)=10   ABDOMEN   CHAPTER-1 1)Ext oblique muscle 2)Inguinal ligament 3)Internal oblique muscle 4)Conjoint tendon 5)Inguinal canal 6)Rectus sheath 7)Rectus abdominis 8)Umbilicus 9)Pyramidalis   CHAPTER-2(pelvis) 1)Testis-coverings,descent   CHAPTER-3 1)Greater omentum 2)Lesser omentum 3)Mesentry 4)Mesoappendix 5)Epiploic foramen 6)Lesser sac 7)Pouch of morisson 8)Pouch of Douglas   CHAPTER-4 1)Stomach bed-datta 2)blood supply and lymphatic drainage of stomach-bdc   CHAPTER-5 1)2nd part of duodenum 2)Lig of treitz 3)Meckel’s diverticulum 4)Caecum-types 5)Vermiform appendix   CHAPTER-6 1)Splenic artery 2)Inf. Mesenteric artery 3)Marginal artery of Dummond 5)Portal vein 6)Portocaval anastomosis Do names of all branches of coeliac trunk   CHAPTER-7 1)Extrahepatic biliary apparatus   CHAPTER-8 1)Arterial supply of spleen 2)Head of pancreas 3)Hepatic segments 4)Histology of spleen explaining blood circulation   CHAPTE

Q-3(B)ATTEMPT ANY ONE SHORT NOTE ON GENERAL ANATOMY(1×3)=3 1)Anastomosis 2)Antagonist 3)Blood supply of long bone 4)Cartilagenous joint 5)Cells of connective tissue 6)Collateral circulation 7)Deep fascia 8)End artery 9)Epiphysis 10)Fibrocartilage 11)Multipennate muscle 12)Neuroglia 13)Periosteum 14)Pneumatic bones 15)Pseudoganglion 16)Syndesmosis 17)Synovial sheath 18)Typical spinal nerve 19)Uniaxial joints 20)Periostium 21)Endochondral ossification 23)Classification of joint 24)Fibrous joint 25)Cartilagenous joint 26)Articular disc 27)Classification of muscles 28)Bursae 29)Sinusoids 30)Normal variations of human skin 31)Loose areolar tissue 32)Retinaculum 33)Ultrasound

SYSTEMIC EMBRYOLOGY(1×3)=3 1)Derivatives of first pharyngeal arch 2)Derivatives of second pharyngeal arch 3)Face 4)Harelip 5)Palate 6)Thyroid gland 7)Thyroglossal diverticulum 8)Parathyroid gland 9)Tongue 10)Derivatives of neural crest 11)Spinal cord 12)Brain vesicles 13)Corpus striatum 14)Pituitary gland 15)Retina 16)Cleft palate GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY(1×3)=3 1)Spermatogenesis 2)Oogenesis 3)Ovulation 4)Fertilization 5)capacitation 6)Blastocyst 7)Allantois 8)Implantation 9)Notochord 10)Germ layers 11)Intrabryonic mesoderm 12)Derivatives of germ layers 13)Somites 14)Head fold of embryo 15)Neural crest and derivatives 16)Foetal circulation and changes at birth 17)Placental circulation 18)Amniotic fluid 19)Foetal age estimation 20)Twinning 21)Cleavage 22)Parthenogenesis 23)Decidua 24)Chorion

Q-2(A) ATTEMPT ANY TWO SHORT NOTES ON NEUROANATOMY(2×3)=6   CHAPTER-6 1)Interpeduncular fossa   CHAPTER-7 1)Spinal meninges 2)Cauda eqina 3)Grey matter of spinal cord 4)Pyramidal tract 5)Spinothalamic tract 6)Blood supply of spinal cord   CHAPTER-8 1)FIG 8.1 2)All sections 3)Sup. Colliculus 4)Inf. Colliculus 5)Red nucleus 6)Medial long. Faciculus 7)Olive 8)Pyramid   CHAPTER-9 1)Nuclei of vagus nerve 2)Vestibular nucleus   CHAPTER-10 CHAPTER-11 CHAPTER-12 1)Insula 2)Fig 12.3/6/7/8 3)All areas 4)Paracentral lobule 5)Uncus   CHAPTER-13 CHAPTER-14 1)Corpus callosum 2)Ant and Post commisure 3)Internal capsule 4)Lateral ventricles   CHAPTER-15 CHAPTER-16 1)Arachnoid villi and granulations 2)Subarachnoid cisterns   CHAPTER-18 1)Olfactory bulb and tract 2)Visual pathway   CHAPTER-19 1)Fornix 2)Mammilary body   MEDIAL , LATERAL AND SPINAL LEMNISCI   APPLIED/CLINICAL ANATOMY OF NEUROANATOMY 1)CSF-Hydrocephalus 2)Spina bifida 3)(Lateral)medullary syndrome 4)Crossed hemiplegia 5)Cereb

Q-2(B) ATTEMPT ANY ONE SHORT NOTE ON SYSTEMIC HISTOLOGY(1×3)=3   1)Palatine tonsil 2)Cerebellum 3)Thyroid gland 4)Pituitary gland 5)Cornea 6)Spinal/sensory ganglion 7)Spinal cord 8)Eyelids 9)Parotid gland 10) Cerebral cortex 11)Parathyroid gland 12)Sympathetic ganglion 13)Tongue 14)Thymus 15)Circumvallate papilla 16)Retina 17)Cochlea

Q-4 ATTEMPT ANY TWO SHORT NOTES ON HEAD AND NECK(2×5)=10   CHAPTER-2 1)Scalp 2)Muscles of face-(read if time permits) 3)Facial artery-bdc 4)Emissary veins   CHAPTER-3 1)Posterior Δ of neck 2)Suboccipital Δ(read if time permits)   CHAPTER-4 1)Carotid Δ 2)Ansa cervicalis-bdc 3)Internal carotid artery-bdc 4)Deep cervical fascia 5)Retro/lateral pharyngeal spaces   CHAPTER-5 6)Relations-parotid gland   CHAPTER-6 1)Chorda tympani nerve 2)Maxillary artery 3)Middle meningeal artery-bdc 4)Pterygo palatine fossa 5)Muscles of mastication 6)T.M joint   CHAPTER-7 1)Thyroid gland 2)Parathyroid gland (3) Thyrocervical trunk   CHAPTER-8 1)Cavernous/ Sigmoid/transverse/S.S.S sinus-bdc 2)Blood supply-Hypophysis cerebri-bdc   CHAPTER-9 1)Sup. Orbital fissure 2)Extraoccular muscles and movements of eyeball   CHAPTER-10 1)Nasal Septum 2)Conca and meatus 3)Maxillary sinus   CHAPTER-11 1)Soft palate 2)Tongue 3)Nerve supply of tongue with developmental correlation   CHAPTER-12 1)Constrictors of ph